American economic policies are entering a new phase of confrontation. Donald Trump, at the dawn of his new presidential term, announces protectionist measures which rekindle trade tensions with several key partners. This project, which is part of a resolutely nationalist vision, could disrupt global trade relations. Between explicit threats and concrete measures, this initiative stands out as a turning point in international trade, which affects nations as diverse as China, Mexico and Canada.
A rise in customs duties
As of January 20, 2025, Donald Trump plans to sign decrees that will impose a spectacular increase in customs duties. “This tax will remain in effect until drugs, especially fentanyl, and all illegal immigrants stop this invasion of our country,” he said. declared on his Truth Social network. Thus, this measure will directly affect Mexico and Canada, with an increase of 25% on all products exported to the United States. As for China, already at the heart of the tensions of its first mandate, it will face a 10% increase on its imports, accompanied by potential additional taxes which can reach 60% for certain strategic goods.
These decisions, justified by arguments of national security and the fight against illegal immigration, mark a return to aggressive trade policies. The stated objective of relocating production to the United States, however, triggers concerns among economic partners. Indeed, the immediate reactions of Canada and Mexico oscillate between appeasement and caution. Ottawa recalls its crucial role in the energy supply of the United States, while Mexico City adopts a posture of calming down.
International reactions and global implications
This economic offensive goes beyond the American continent. The European Union quickly positioned itself, and indicated that it was “ready to react” to possible repercussions on its exports. In addition, the arrival of Howard Lutnick, a controversial figure and virulent critic of China, at the head of the Commerce Department reinforces fears of a toughening of trade negotiations. This appointment illustrates Washington's desire to exert maximum pressure to obtain favorable concessions.
The markets, for their part, are already reacting. The US dollar strengthened against the Mexican peso and the Canadian dollar, reflecting expectations of a regional economic shock. Wendy Cutler, of the Asia Society Policy Institute, specifies that these measures force the United States' neighbors, bound by free trade agreements, to review their strategy in the face of a partner with muscular methods. The prospect of an imminent renegotiation of the agreement in 2026 could worsen this dynamic.
These announcements constitute the start of a new chapter in international trade relations. If the stated objective of protecting American interests may appeal to part of the electorate, the long-term consequences remain uncertain. The risks of reprisals, escalation of tensions and economic isolation could weigh on the global economy. This return by Donald Trump to radical trade policies raises a crucial question: how far is the American administration ready to go to impose its vision?
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